Germany, Relations with — The modern era of Russo German relations began during the partition of Poland in the late 18th century. First as Prussia and then as the Hohenzollern Empire, the two states shared a common border until World War I (1914–1918). After the… … Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation
Germany, Relations with — It is not until its unification in 1871–1872 that Germany became a “foreign” state to the Habsburg rulers of Austria. The dynasty supplied the kings and emperors of “Germany” from the middle of the 15th century until 1806. Even though… … Historical dictionary of Austria
Germany, Federal Republic of, Relations with — Imperial, Weimar, and Nazi Germany had few significant contacts with Burma other than commercial ties, but after the country became independent in 1948, West Germany played an important, though still little understood, role involving General… … Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
Italy, Relations with — As Holy Roman emperors until Napoleon put an end to the office in 1806, Habsburgs were titular sovereigns in several principalities throughout the Italian peninsula. In the 16th century, the Spanish branch of the house of Austria occupied and… … Historical dictionary of Austria
Estonia, Relations with — Estonia passed from Swedish to Russian rule during the early 18th century with the Treaty of Nystad. Despite two centuries of Russian rule, the region maintained much of its Lutheran and Teutonic heritage. With the early abolition of serfdom… … Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation
Iran, Relations with — Persian Russian relations date to the 18th century as the Romanov Empire began to expand south of the Caucasus. During the 1800s, Russia annexed Persian held Azerbaijan and displaced Iranian influence in Central Asia. During the Russian Civil… … Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation
Ukraine, Relations with — No foreign country is as important to Russian identity as Ukraine, particularly given that Russia traces its statehood back to 9th century Kiev, now the capital of Ukraine. In 1654, the Left Bank of Ukraine (east of the Dnieper River) was… … Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation
Poland, Relations with — Polish Russian relations remain mired in four critical historical events: the partitions of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (1772–1795); the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact (1939); the Katyń Massacre (1940), and the Red Army’s failure to intervene… … Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation
Latvia, Relations with — Latvia was incorporated into the Russian empire during the 18th century and later became one of the most developed areas within the empire. During the Russian Civil War, Latvia secured Russian and international recognition of its independence; … Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation
Finland, Relations with — Finland was incorporated into the Romanov Empire during the early 19th century. Formerly subjugated to Sweden, the region enjoyed substantial autonomy under tsarist rule and witnessed a national awakening in the 19th century. Benefiting from… … Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation
